NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Concepts to Review

NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Concepts to Review

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Cellular Biology/Cellular Adaptation/Cellular Injury Chapter 1 and 38 functions of cellsoMovement– muscle cells generate force to produce motion oConductivity– As a response to a stimulus. This is the chief function of nerve cells oMetabolic Absorption– take in and use nutrients oSecretion– with mucous gland cells – absorb substances to be secreted elsewhereoExcretion– Rid themselves of waste products oRespiration– Absorb oxygen to transform nutrients to energy oReproduction– New cells produced to replace those lost oCommunication– vital for cells to survive as a society (think Osmosis Jones movie) ATP•ATP or adenosine triphosphateplays a major role in that•ATP is a molecule that stores and transfers energyfor the functioning of our cells•Specifically it is used in the synthesis (creation) of molecules, muscle contractions, and active transportMitochondriathe main job of the mitochondria is that it produces most of the cell’s energy. Cellular metabolismThere are 2 parts to metabolism:•Anabolism •The energy using process
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•Catabolism •The energy releasing processRibosomesWays of cellular communicationCellular respirationAnaerobic and aerobic Sodium/Potassium pump-function, what happens when it fails?, need ATP for this…Cellular adaptation-hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia (know examples, pathologic, physiologic, hormonal, compensatory)Reversible/irreversible injuryApoptosis vs. NecrosisApoptosis(“dropping of”) is an important disTnct type of cell death that diFers from necrosis in several ways. Apoptosis is an acTve process of cellular self-destrucTon called programmed cell death and is implicated in both normal and pathologic Tssue changesNecrosis–Cellular deatheventually leads to cellular dissoluTon, or necrosis. Necrosis is the sum of cellular changes a±er local cell death and the process of cellular self-digesTon, known as autodigesTon or autolysisTypes of Necrosis (liquefactive, coagulative, fat, gas gangrene, dry gangrene, wet gangrene caseous)Dry gangrene: Slow spreading, tissue becomes dry, brown or black, it shrinks and wrinkles.Wet gangrene:Area is cold, swollen, pulseless, moist, black and a foul odor productionCoagulaTve necrosis.Occurs primarily in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands; commonly results from hypoxia caused by severe 103ischemia or hypoxia caused by chemical injury, especially ingesTon of mercuric chloride. CoagulaTon is a result of protein denaturaTon, which causes the protein albumin to change from a gelaTnous, transparent state to a ²rm, opaque state .³he area of coagulaTve necrosis is called an infarct.Types of cells Cellular Injury (Chemical, Ischemia, Free Radicals, Reperfusion, Infectious, etc.)Ischemia:lack of blood flowTypes of Injury (Blunt force, sharp, asphyxiation, gunshot wound, etc.)
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NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Concepts to Review