NURS 6251N Advanced Pharmacology essay

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Application: Diabetes and Drug Treatment Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high blood glucose levels caused by a deficiency of insulin production or cellular resistance to the action of insulin, or both (Arcangelo and Peterson, 2013). According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2014), there has been an increase from 26 million Americans in 2010 to now an estimate of 29 million Americans that suffer with diabetes. There are a variety of methods that are utilized to treat diabetes including medication therapy. The principal objective in medication therapy is to treat diabetes by managing insulin production in order to decrease blood glucose levels. The purpose of this paper is to classify the four types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes. The paper will also reflect insulin the treatment for Type 1 diabetes and will include the proper preparation and administration of the medication and dietary considerations. Finally, the paper will explain the short-term and long-term impact of type 1 diabetes on patients including effects of drugs treatments. Classification of Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes/Juvenile Dieabetes According to Arcangelo and Peterson (2013), type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the pancreatic beta cells are destroyed and requires insulin in order to survive. Beta cells are responsible for producing insulin, which in returns transport glucose from foods that are eaten to cells to be utilized for energy. When the body is unable to produce insulin it can lead to complications such as ketoacidosis, coma and/or death. Juvenile diabetes also known as insulin dependent diabetes is a form of type 1 diabetes that effect children and adolescences. This form of diabetes is diagnosed in 2
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Running head: DIABETES AND DRUG TREATMENT infants, children, and adolescences. In order to properly manage type 1 diabetes it requires continuous administration of insulin, blood glucose monitoring, diabetic meal planning, and screening of complications related to diabetes, such as microvascular and macrovascular disease (Daneman, 2006). The treatment for type 1 diabetes is external insulin therapy injected subcutaneously, proper meal planning and exercise. Type II Diabetes Type II diabetes is the most common type of diabetes caused by a decrease in the sensitivity of insulin to adipose and muscle cells and/or a decrease in the function and ability of the pancreas to produce enough insulin for t